LAS CRUCES, N.M. — NASA has begun drafting guidelines to protect the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 landing sites, listing them as off-limits and including ground-travel buffers and no-fly zones to avoid spraying rocket exhaust or dust onto aging, but historic, equipment.
Robert Kelso, NASA’s director of lunar commercial services at Johnson Space Center in Houston, has taken a hard look at revisits to the Apollo sites and how to protect U.S. government artifacts on the Moon.
Kelso has carved out a set of guidelines intended to safeguard the historic and scientific value of more than three dozen “heritage sites” on the lunar surface.
The report, which was released July 20, is titled “NASA’s Recommendations to Space-Faring Entities: How to Protect and Preserve the Historic and Scientific Value of U.S. Government Lunar Artifacts.”
A greater urgency for guidelines has been sparked by the Google Lunar X Prize’s offer of $20 million to any private team that lands a robotic rover on the Moon’s surface. An additional $4 million has been offered for any team that snaps pictures of artifacts near or at the Apollo landing sites.
For Kelso, a key question is: “As the small commercial landers make preparations for possible visits to these historic sites, how do we protect these culturally significant sites from damage so that we can inspect them historically and scientifically?”
The recommendations listed by NASA are intended to apply to U.S. government artifacts on the lunar surface, such as: Apollo lunar surface landing and roving hardware; unmanned lunar surface landing sites and impact sites; U.S. government equipment left on the lunar surface, including tools, experiments, and miscellaneous Moon-walking gear; and specific indicators of U.S. human, human-robotic presence, including footprints and rover tracks.
A recognized leader in the emerging field of space heritage and archaeology is Beth O’Leary, an anthropology professor here at New Mexico State University in Las Cruces.
O’Leary has spent more than a decade working with historians and archaeologists researching how to study and curate human artifacts on the Moon. Given a small grant from NASA and the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium, O’Leary spearheaded work through a Lunar Legacy Project that investigated protection of the Apollo 11 landing site.
“There is a need for more archaeological input into the process of protecting what is certainly humanity’s most extraordinary series of events that led us off the Earth and onto the Moon,” O’Leary said in an interview.
NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) could be used by archaeologists as an important remote sensing tool for identifying and mapping historic lunar sites.
O’Leary said the NASA guidelines create a series of keep-out zones and boundaries around the historic artifacts and features at all Apollo sites. As the first and last lunar landings, Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 are acknowledged as having special historical and cultural significance, she said.
Those two locales are treated as unique by prohibiting visits to any part of these sites, and all future visiting vehicles would remain beyond the “artifact boundaries” of each entire site.
“This provides a robust zone of protection around these two sites,” O’Leary said.
In the NASA study — for hopper-configuration landers that are able to perform “low-altitude”/tangential fly-bys of identified sites — special guidelines have been written to ensure negligible plume interactions at the surface.
“For me, the NASA document represents a giant leap for lunar historic preservation,” O’Leary explained. “NASA references its ownership of its lunar hardware and the need for protecting what it calls ‘witness plates’ or ‘lunar assets’ — those significant artifacts it created in the past that are now on the Moon. This is a critical first step and many more have to follow, but for the first time NASA formally recognizes the heritage value of Apollo 11 and other extraordinary lunar sites.”
The NASA report also recognizes there have been no human impacts to the sites, which are in pristine, undisturbed condition except for the effects of the space environment.
“Importantly, it recognizes that future missions can disturb or change the earlier lunar sites in ways that scientific and historic information can be lost,” O’Leary said. Also, some of the sites are still active and continue to provide data — such as Apollo retro-reflectors used to measure the distance between the Earth and Moon via laser ranging.
“It was time for a preservation strategy,” O’Leary said.
